As the COVID-19 pandemic continues, new variants of the virus are causing worries. These new forms of the SARS-CoV-2 virus make us wonder about vaccines’ success, how ill we might get, and the best ways to stay safe. I’ve seen how these variants significantly affect public health. But, I’m impressed by how the medical world quickly reacts and finds solutions.
This article will look at the latest news on COVID-19’s new versions. We will see what they mean for our health and what we can do. By learning and being proactive, we can keep ourselves, family, and community safe in these unpredictable times.
Key Takeaways
- COVID-19 variants, like the flu virus, continue to mutate and evolve over time1.
- Variants of concern, such as Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and Omicron, have emerged and been tracked by health authorities1.
- COVID-19 boosters have demonstrated effectiveness in preventing severe illness, and a third dose can significantly reduce the risk of hospitalization1.
- New variants, like BA.2.86, are being closely monitored for their potential impact on transmissibility and immune evasion2.
- Safety precautions, including mask-wearing and hand hygiene, remain effective in preventing viral transmission, even as new variants emerge1.
Understanding COVID Variants
Coronavirus Mutation: Why the Virus Changes
The virus behind the COVID-19 outbreak changes all the time. It does this through a process called mutation. Being an RNA virus, the coronavirus keeps making genetic changes. This leads to the birth of new3 variants. These can spread more easily, be more severe, or dodge the immune system4. For example, the Omicron variant and its subtypes have spread worldwide quickly. This shows how well the virus can adapt. It proves that keeping an eye on new variants through constant5 surveillance and5 genome sequencing is crucial.
Mutations in viruses happen for many reasons. One is when the viruses are in different locations, which can cause them to become very different. This reminds us that change in viruses is common. We see this a lot with the flu viruses, where new strains often appear. A good example is the JN.1 group. It has given rise to many FLiRT variants. These FLiRT variants often have small changes in their spike proteins.
Knowing how and why viruses mutate is key to fighting the pandemic. Keeping a close watch on how the virus changes is vital. It helps health experts be ready for new variants. This means they can act quickly to protect everyone’s health.
“Mutations in viruses are neither new nor unexpected, as seen with the frequent changes in flu viruses.”
COVID Variant Classifications
As the SARS-CoV-2 virus changes, experts classify its different types6. The World Health Organization (WHO) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) set up a way to name and watch new virus strains6. This system helps in understanding how new variants may affect how the virus spreads, the illness it causes, and how well vaccines work6.
The SIG looks at how many new variants are showing up and where6. They use information to label these new virus types in four ways6: high consequence, concern, interest, and just keeping an eye on them6.
Another system, Pango, gives names to the virus’s lineages6. It uses letters and numbers, like BA.2.756. A system called Nextclade sorts the virus into groups called clades. Clade names mix a two-digit year with a letter, for example “22A”6.
These systems keep everyone up to date on new COVID-19 types and their effects on the fight against the pandemic6. Knowing about new variants helps scientists and leaders decide on the best ways to stop the virus and keep people safe6.
COVID Variant Vaccine Efficacy
Will COVID-19 Vaccines Work on New Variants?
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic keeps evolving, bringing new variants to light. This development has caused worries about how well existing vaccines work. Studies in labs have indicated that some new types of the virus might be able to evade parts of the vaccine response7.
But, it’s important to know that our immune response is complex. A slight drop in one area doesn’t completely shut down the protection vaccines offer7.
Vaccine makers are keeping an eye on the virus’s genetic changes. They’re ready to tweak the vaccines if needed. Health experts suggest getting extra doses (boosters) for a stronger guard against the variants7.
In Hong Kong, a study showed that the BNT162b2 vaccine was 48% effective with three doses against the Omicron variant. This number increased to 69% with an extra dose8. The CoronaVac vaccine showed a slight drop in effectiveness, but it still helped protect against Omicron8.
In Norway, the Delta variant saw a widespread effectiveness of 71% in healthcare workers, but only 19% among non-workers9. For the Omicron variant, a third shot did better in protecting people. It showed efficacy at 33% in healthcare workers, and 10% in non-workers compared to two doses9.
Even if effectiveness drops against new variants, vaccines are still very useful. This is especially true when booster doses are added. Health organizations and researchers are working to keep vaccines as effective as possible789.
The Omicron Variant
The Omicron variant is highly contagious, starting late in 2021 and rapidly spreading worldwide10. It has over 50 mutations, most in the spike protein. This helps it spread easier and dodge some immune defenses10. Despite this, it seems to make people less sick than earlier forms of the virus10.
The World Health Organization first learned about the Omicron variant on 24 November 2021. This was from samples taken a few days before10. By October 2022, the virus had evolved into two subvariants, BQ.1 and BQ.1.1. These are causing new outbreaks in different parts of the world now10. Getting three doses of the COVID-19 vaccine can help prevent severe illness from Omicron10.
Omicron has later given rise to more subvariants, like BA.4 and BA.5, which are even more contagious10. By the start of 2022, Omicron was already in 149 countries. It has followed a different evolutionary path than other COVID variants10.
Some of Omicron’s mutations might come from a different coronavirus, the one causing the common cold10. There’s a theory that the Omicron variant could be linked to an earlier spreading from humans to mice and back to humans10.
In the US, by the summer of 2022, the BA.5 version of Omicron was the most common. Then, in January 2023, a new variant, XBB.1.16, was found11. Studies show Omicron’s incubation period is about 3.42 days, it is shorter than some other strains11.
A previous infection gives about 19% protection from getting reinfected by Omicron. BA.5 and XBB became major causes of COVID-19 infections in the US by 202211.
By August 2023, the fastest spreading Omicron subvariant in the US was EG.511. Omicron usually shows symptoms within three days of infection. These symptoms often last for a few weeks11. The FDA gave its approval to bivalent COVID-19 booster vaccines in October 202211.
Boosters might cause some side effects like a sore arm, light fever, or tiredness11. Yet, getting vaccinated is the best way to prevent severe COVID-1911.
The WHO formed a special group in June 2020 to name key virus variants. By May 2021, they started using easier names for variants12. In 2023, they updated how they track and monitor these variants12.
As of 15 March 2023, variants linked to Omicron were the most common ones12. By 2024, some common variants of interest were EG.5, BA.2.86, and JN.1. The WHO was also watching other variants closely for changes12.
Omicron and Severity
The Omicron variant of COVID-19 is very easy to catch. But, new studies show it might not make people as sick as Delta13. Omicron spreads well in the air, spreading easily when people talk, cough, and breathe near each other without masks13. Even though it’s spreading fast, it leads to less severe illness. This is shown by the many new COVID-19 cases but not as many hospital admissions and similar amounts of the virus in people’s upper airways13.
Reports are coming in that show people with Omicron have a lower risk of death and hospital stay than with Delta14. The chance of going to the hospital is also lower when comparing two specific Omicron subtypes. This means Omicron, though still a big worry, might not make people as sick as before.
Omicron has changed into three types: BA.1, BA.2, and BA.3. BA.1 has about 60 different mutations, and BA.2 has around 57, mostly in the spike protein15. These changes have made Omicron better at spreading and harder for vaccines and treatments to stop it15.
Even if Omicron isn’t causing as serious sickness, it is spreading quickly worldwide. This has put a lot of pressure on health systems. It reminds us all how we need to keep up with safety and health measures against new COVID-19 forms13. As the situation with Omicron keeps evolving, watching how it affects health, vaccines, and public steps is very important.
COVID Variant Impact on Children
The COVID-19 pandemic has hit kids hard. The delta and omicron variants led to a lot more cases among children16. Between 2020 and 2023, kids made up about 18% of all U.S. COVID-19 cases16. Kids up to age 17 made up 1.5% of those who needed hospital care because of COVID-1916. Babies under 1, especially those born early, face more risk of getting very sick with COVID-1916.
But, there’s no strong proof that any variant targets kids more. Research has looked into how various COVID-19 strains spread among children and what symptoms they cause17. We need to keep watching and learning to keep up with the virus’s changes and its impact on our children.
By 2023, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention knew of 117 cases of MIS-C in children, which is connected to COVID-1916. Symptoms show up 2 to 6 weeks after getting COVID-19. They can include a high temperature, throwing up, having loose stools, and a skin rash16. Even after getting better from COVID-19, some people may develop a post-COVID-19 syndrome. This could bring new health problems or make old ones worse16.
The Omicron variant has not left children untouched. Research found that 12-16% of infected children and young people had Long Covid symptoms at 3- and 6-month check-ins after getting sick18. By 12 months after having Omicron, this number went up to 17.4% and 21.9% if the person got sick again18. Fatigue (feeling very tired) and trouble sleeping were the top complaints at the 12-month mark for both groups18.
As the pandemic goes on, watching how new variants affect kids is key. Research and tracking the virus in our communities are vital to knowing how severe and long-lasting these impacts can be on our kids.
| Statistic | Value | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Children made up approximately 18% of all reported COVID-19 cases in the US between 2020 and 2023. | 18% | 16 |
| Children up to age 17 accounted for about 1.5% of individuals hospitalized due to COVID-19 from 2020 to the end of March 2024. | 1.5% | 16 |
| 12-16% of children and young people (CYP) infected with the Omicron variant met the research definition of Long Covid at 3- and 6-months post-infection. | 12-16% | 18 |
| 17.4% of first-positive CYP and 21.9% of reinfected CYP fulfilled the research consensus Long Covid definition 12 months post Omicron infection. | 17.4% and 21.9% | 18 |
COVID Variant Future Outlook
The coronavirus lineages keep spreading. This leads to new variants showing up. Health experts highlight dangerous ones with names like variant of concern. They include alpha variant to omicron variant. These are some of the COVID-19 variants witnessed during the pandemic.
Some variants disappear quickly. Yet, others may stay around for a while. They change often. Watching these changes is critical. It helps us know if the virus is becoming harder to stop. This is because some variants might not respond as well to our current vaccines. This could make booster shots and guarding against variants more challenging19.
To face what lies ahead, we must stick to our health measures. Things like quarantine and isolation are crucial. So is keeping track of everyone a sick person has been in contact with. Staying ahead with new vaccines is also key. They help protect us as the virus changes20.
| Variant | Prevalence | Transmission Rate | Immune Escape |
|---|---|---|---|
| KP.2 | 28% of US cases by May 202419 | N/A | N/A |
| JN.1 | 60% of new infections in France in early January19 | N/A | N/A |
| Omicron | N/A | N/A | Increased immune escape compared to previous variants21 |
As the pandemic goes on, staying alert is key. We must keep up our epidemiology and more. And, working together to make better vaccines is essential. This approach is our best defense against the changing COVID-19 landscape21.
COVID Variant Safety Precautions
As new coronavirus mutations and emerging strains continue to shape the pandemic, the focus remains on key safety steps. These include getting vaccinated, having boosters, using good masks, washing hands often, and staying away from big indoor events. These actions help fight off new variants22. Everyone can do their part by using these basic health measures during the pandemic2324.
Keeping an eye on virus changes with genomic surveillance and variant tracking is crucial. It helps spot high-risk variants and understand how they spread and their threat22. With the virus changing, a strong public health effort that includes tracking the virus is key to managing the pandemic and setting health safety plans2224.
It’s important to keep up-to-date and follow health guidelines against COVID-19 variants. By doing so, you help slow down the virus and lessen its harm on everyone2324.
The FLiRT Variants
A new group of COVID-19 variants called the “FLiRT” variants is causing concern25. They come from the JN.1 variant and have mutations known as “FLiRT” or “FLip”25. These changes might make the virus better at spreading and harder to fight off25.
Recently, the FLiRT variants have become more common, making up over 28% of U.S. COVID-19 cases in April 2022 compared to about 16% earlier25.. The KP.2 variant is now the most common, causing about 25% of the new cases26. But the older JN.1 variant is decreasing, down to 15.7%25.
The FLiRT variants are spreading fast, with a 341% jump from mid-March to mid-April25. The KP.3 variant is the top one in the U.S., leading in about one-third of the cases27. Other FLiRT strains, like KP.2 and LB.1, are also spreading, making FLiRT variants total around 65% of U.S. COVID-19 cases27.
Despite the growth in FLiRT variants, the COVID-19 spread is still low, based on wastewater checks25. But research shows that the KP.2 variant is more resistant to the 2023-24 booster shot, making it harder to control25.
Public health groups are watching the FLiRT variants closely. They say the next booster shot should target the main FLiRT variant of the year25. In June, the FDA and CDC will pick which strains to add to the fall vaccine25. For now, the CDC advises that we wash our hands often, wear masks if local cases are up, and stay home when we’re sick, to slow down the FLiRT variants spread25.
It’s critical to keep up-to-date with the COVID-19 situation and to act responsibly. The FLiRT variants highlight that we are still battling COVID-19. By staying alert, following expert advice, and taking preventive steps, we can face these challenges. Together, let’s protect ourselves and our communities.
Upcoming COVID Vaccine Formulations
The World Health Organization (WHO) and U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) are working on the COVID-19 vaccines for fall 2024. They are watching for new strains, like the FLiRT family28. Their aim is to pick the right vaccine to protect against the main strains next season. But remember, more new strains might show up even after they choose a vaccine28.
Vaccine Advisory Groups and Variant Considerations
Vaccine experts are reviewing all the data to give the best advice28. Over 94% of the virus patterns found in online databases come from the JN.1 type. This shows that the JN.1 type is better at spreading among people than the XBB type28. Some JN.1 types have changes in their spike protein that might affect how well our immune system can fight them28.
Some studies say that updating the vaccines could make them 23-33% better at stopping severe illness. They might stop 11-25% more mild cases too28. Adding another dose might make our bodies produce 40% more protection against these new types than before28.
Two kinds of vaccines, plus one using a Beta variant protein, were good at preventing severe illness when the XBB type was around. But, they didn’t protect as well against mild illness or infection as time went on28. The XBB.1.5 vaccine did really well in the first three months after people got it, especially for severe cases. It wasn’t as good for mild symptoms then28. Now, it may still help against new XBB types for the first three months after the shot. But, it’s a bit less effective against new types for both severe and mild illnesses28.
Tests on mice show that vaccines with the JN.1 type might give more shield-building protein against the virus. But, we need more genetic watching of the virus and more studies to see how well vaccines work against new types28.
| Vaccine Recommendation | Target Population |
|---|---|
| Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna mRNA vaccines | Adults aged 18 and over |
| Pfizer-BioNTech | Young people aged 12 to 17 |
| Pfizer-BioNTech | Children aged 5 to 11 and 6 months to 4 years |
| Novavax Matrix-M adjuvanted COVID-19 vaccine | Persons aged 12 years and above as a booster |
| HIPRA bivalent COVID-19 vaccine | Persons aged 16 years and above when other products are not suitable |
The COVID-19 vaccine is now recommended for a wide group. This includes adults over 75, those in homes for the elderly, and anyone over six months old who is at higher health risk29. People 75 and older are most at risk for severe sickness if they catch the virus. This risk goes up even more for those 85 and older29. From late 2022 to late 2023, people over 75 had the highest chance of needing hospital care29.
Offering the vaccine to certain groups, like adults 90 and older, or over 80 with health risks, was found to be worth the cost29. Because of vaccines, most people don’t get very sick from COVID-19. So, we focus on giving the vaccine to those who could get very sick29.
We need to keep adjusting the COVID-19 vaccine timing and who gets it, especially since infections get worse in winter29. Experts will check if giving vaccines in autumn 2024 is worth it. They will plan how to vaccinate in the future29.
By late 2022, COVID-19 vaccines stopped many people from going to the hospital or dying in the U.S30.. A kind of virus, XBB, was in over 99% of the cases looked at by September 202330. The oldest adults and very young babies were most likely to need hospital care for COVID-1930.
Kids 5-17 years needed hospital care less often, and many of them were not very sick otherwise. Over 28,000 people died from COVID-19 by July 2023, with deaths in all age groups30. Some people still feel sick more than three months after getting COVID-1930.
By May 2023, only 17% of the U.S. had received certain COVID-19 shots, with some groups less likely to be vaccinated30. Hospital cases started rising again in mid-2023, after going down in early 202330. A group meeting on vaccines has talked 37 times since June 2020 to make sure the vaccines are used wisely30.
Conclusion
New COVID-19 variants are bringing up serious questions. These include how they spread, how sick they make people, and if vaccines still work against them31. It’s very important to stay alert, get vaccinated, and follow health guidelines31. As the virus keeps changing, experts are watching closely. They will update their advice to keep everyone safe31.
The world is working together through groups like the World Health Organization. They also look after things like the Global Influenza Surveillance31. Different places test small groups of people often. They also keep a close eye on how many get sick from COVID-19. This helps us know if new variants are spreading fast31. In the UK, scientists are studying a certain variant very carefully. They work in special labs to learn more about it. There’s a big team of scientists and vaccine makers. They want to make sure new vaccines work well against these new variants31.
The fight against COVID-19 isn’t over. We’re dedicated to learning more and keeping the virus in check32. More research and working together are key. This, together with ongoing health efforts, is important. It helps us face the challenges of new COVID-19 variants. We do all this to keep our communities safe and healthy33.
FAQ
What are coronavirus variants?
How are coronavirus variants classified?
How do COVID-19 vaccines work against new variants?
What is the Omicron variant?
How severe is illness from the Omicron variant?
How do COVID variants impact children?
What is the future outlook for COVID variants?
What safety precautions are recommended against COVID variants?
What are the FLiRT variants?
How are upcoming COVID vaccine formulations being selected?
About the author
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